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| Burundi |
 Click to enlarge |
Home Reference Maps Appendixes
| Background: |
Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only four months in office. Since then, some 200,000 Burundians have perished in widespread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. Hundreds of thousands have been internally displaced or have become refugees in neighboring countries. Burundi troops, seeking to secure their borders, intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998. More recently, many of these troops have been redeployed back to Burundi to deal with periodic upsurges in rebel activity. A new transitional government, inaugurated on 1 November 2001, was to be the first step toward holding national elections in three years. While the Government of Burundi signed a cease-fire agreement in December 2002 with three of Burundi's four Hutu rebel groups, implementation of the agreement has been problematic and one rebel group refuses to sign on, clouding prospects for a sustainable peace. |
| Location: |
Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
3 30 S, 30 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Africa |
| Area: |
total: 27,830 sq km water: 2,180 sq km land: 25,650 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly smaller than Maryland |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 974 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km |
| Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime
claims: |
none (landlocked) |
| Climate: |
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January |
| Terrain: |
hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m |
| Natural
resources: |
nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 29.98% permanent crops: 12.85% other: 57.17% (1998 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
740 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
flooding, landslides, drought |
| Environment
- current issues: |
soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban |
| Geography
- note: |
landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile |
| Population: |
6,096,156 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years: 46.7% (male 1,438,759; female 1,409,567) 15-64 years: 50.6% (male 1,516,833; female 1,564,513) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 66,355; female 100,129) (2003 est.) |
| Median
age: |
total: 16.3 years male: 15.9 years female: 16.7 years (2002) |
| Population
growth rate: |
2.18% (2003 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
39.72 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
17.8 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
-0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
total: 71.54 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 78.45 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population: 43.2 years male: 42.54 years female: 43.88 years (2003 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
5.99 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Burundian(s) adjective: Burundian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000 |
| Religions: |
Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10% |
| Languages: |
Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 51.6% male: 58.5% female: 45.2% (2003 est.) |
| Economy
- overview: |
Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Economic growth depends on coffee and tea exports, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for imports, therefore, rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. The Tutsi minority, 14% of the population, dominates the government and the coffee trade at the expense of the Hutu majority, 85% of the population. Since October 1993 an ethnic-based war has resulted in the death of over 200,000 persons, sent 800,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 525,000 others internally. Doubts about the prospects for sustainable peace continue to impede development. Only one in two children go to school, and approximately one in ten adults has HIV/AIDS. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $3.8 billion (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
2.1% (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $600 (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 50% industry: 19% services: 31% (2002 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
70% (2002 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 32.9% (1998) |
| Distribution
of family income - Gini index: |
42.5 (1998) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
12% (2002 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
3.7 million (2000) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
NA |
| Unemployment
rate: |
NA% |
| Budget: |
revenues:$125 million expenditures: $176 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
18% (2001) |
| Electricity
- production: |
155.4 million kWh (2001) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel: 0.6% hydro: 99.4% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0% |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
177.5 million kWh (2001) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (2001) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
33 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001) |
| Oil
- production: |
0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
| Oil
- consumption: |
2,750 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
| Oil
- exports: |
NA (2001) |
| Oil
- imports: |
NA (2001) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides |
| Exports: |
$26 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides |
| Exports
- partners: |
EU 45%, Switzerland 32.6%, Kenya 17.4%, US 6% (2001 est.) |
| Imports: |
$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs |
| Imports
- partners: |
EU 39%, Tanzania 9.5%, Kenya 6.2%, US 4% (2001) |
| Debt
- external: |
$1.14 billion (2001) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$92.7 million (2000) |
| Currency: |
Burundi franc (BIF) |
| Currency
code: |
BIF |
| Exchange
rates: |
Burundi francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 830.353 (2001), 720.673 (2000), 563.562 (1999), 447.766 (1998) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| |
