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Cambodia |
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| Background: |
Following a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured
Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns;
over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships.
A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside
and touched off almost 20 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections
in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy as did the rapid diminishment
of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed
after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability
and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces in 1998. |
| Location: |
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand,
Vietnam, and Laos |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
13 00 N, 105 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Southeast
Asia |
| Area: |
total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly smaller than Oklahoma |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 2,572 km
border countries: Laos 541 km,
Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km |
| Coastline: |
443 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM
exclusive economic zone:
200 NM |
| Climate: |
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December
to April); little seasonal temperature variation |
| Terrain: |
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point:
Phnum Aoral 1,810 m |
| Natural
resources: |
timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower
potential |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 20.96%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 78.43% (1998 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
2,700 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts |
| Environment
- current issues: |
illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for
gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted
in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction
of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural
areas, a majority of the population does not have access to potable
water; toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom
(Sihanoukville) in December 1998 |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping |
| Geography
- note: |
a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle
Sap
|
| Population: |
13,124,764
note: estimates for this country take into account
the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population
and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age
and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years: 39.3% (male 2,606,568; female 2,557,736)
15-64 years: 57.6% (male 3,599,216; female 3,962,520)
65
years and over: 3.1% (male 148,287; female 250,437) (2003 est.)
|
| Median
age: |
total: 19.2 years
male: 18.4 years
female:
20 years (2002) |
| Population
growth rate: |
1.8% (2003 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
27.28 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
total: 75.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
66.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 84.96 deaths/1,000
live births |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population: 57.92 years
male: 55.49 years
female: 60.47 years (2003 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
3.58 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% |
| Religions: |
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5% |
| Languages: |
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total
population: 69.9%
male: 80.5%
female: 60.3%
(2003 est.)
|
| Economy
- overview: |
Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-1998 due to the regional
economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment
and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years,
progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 5.0%. Despite
severe flooding, GDP grew at 5.0% in 2000, 6.3% in 2001, and 5.2% in
2002. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals
up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before the September 11, 2001
terrorist attacks in the US. Even given these stout growth estimates,
the long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains
a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive
skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers
from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political
instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign
investment and delay foreign aid. The government is addressing these
issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $19.7 billion (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
5.2% (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 40%
industry: 20%
services:
40% (2001 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
36% (1997 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997) |
| Distribution
of family income - Gini index: |
40.4 (1997) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
3.3% (2002 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
6 million (1998 est.) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 80% (2001 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
2.8% (1999 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $396 million
expenditures: $607 million,
including capital expenditures of $254 million (2001 est.) |
| Industries: |
tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber,
cement, gem mining, textiles |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
16% (2001 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
119 million kWh (2001) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel: 65%
hydro: 35%
other:
0% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
110.6 million kWh (2001) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (2001) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
0 kWh (2001) |
| Oil
- production: |
0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
| Oil
- consumption: |
3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
| Oil
- exports: |
NA |
| Oil
- imports: |
NA |
| Agriculture
- products: |
rice, rubber, corn, vegetables |
| Exports: |
$1.38 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish |
| Exports
- partners: |
US 61.5%, Germany 9.0%, UK 7.2%, Singapore 4.5%, Japan 3.8% (2002) |
| Imports: |
$1.73 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery,
motor vehicles |
| Imports
- partners: |
Thailand 30.2%, Singapore 21.5%, Hong Kong 10.2%, China 7.8%, Vietnam
6.6%, Taiwan 4.7% (2002) |
| Debt
- external: |
$829 million (1999 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international
donors |
| Currency: |
riel (KHR) |
| Currency
code: |
KHR |
| Exchange
rates: |
riels per US dollar - 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000),
3,807.83 (1999), 3,744.42 (1998) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year
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