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| Indonesia |
 Click to enlarge |
Home Reference Maps Appendixes
| Background: |
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago; it achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Papua. |
| Location: |
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
5 00 S, 120 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Southeast Asia |
| Area: |
total: 1,919,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly less than three times the size of Texas |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 2,830 km border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km |
| Coastline: |
54,716 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
| Terrain: |
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m |
| Natural
resources: |
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 9.9% permanent crops: 7.2% other: 82.9% (1998 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
48,150 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires |
| Environment
- current issues: |
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation |
| Geography
- note: |
archipelago of more than 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
| Population: |
234,893,453 (July 2003 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years: 29.7% (male 35,437,274; female 34,232,824) 15-64 years: 65.4% (male 76,743,613; female 76,845,245) 65 years and over: 4.9% (male 5,086,465; female 6,548,032) (2003 est.) |
| Median
age: |
total: 25.8 years male: 25.4 years female: 26.2 years (2002) |
| Population
growth rate: |
1.52% (2003 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
21.49 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
total: 38.09 deaths/1,000 live births female: 32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 43.5 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population: 68.94 years male: 66.54 years female: 71.47 years (2003 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
2.5 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% |
| Religions: |
Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998) |
| Languages: |
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 88.5% male: 92.9% female: 84.1% (2003 est.) |
| Economy
- overview: |
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe economic development problems stemming from secessionist movements and the low level of security in the regions; the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes; corruption; weaknesses in the banking system; and strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidence will remain low and few new jobs will be created under these circumstances. In November 2001, Indonesia agreed with the IMF on a series of economic reforms in 2002, thus enabling further IMF disbursements. Negotiations with the IMF and bilateral donors continued in 2002. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, the build-up of the confidence of international donors and investors, and a strong comeback in the global economy. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $663 billion (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
3.5% (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2002 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 17% industry: 41% services: 42% (2001 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
27% (1999) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 26.7% (1999) |
| Distribution
of family income - Gini index: |
31.7 (1999) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
11.9% (2002 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
99 million (1999) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) |
| Industries: |
petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
4.9% (2002 est.) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
| Exports: |
$52.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber |
| Exports
- partners: |
Japan 19.2%, US 14.5%, Singapore 11.6%, South Korea 6.6%, China 5.6%, Taiwan 3.7% (2002) |
| Imports: |
$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
| Imports
- partners: |
Japan 18.2%, South Korea 9.6%, Singapore 8.4%, China 7.9%, US 7.6%, Australia 5.0% (2002) |
| Debt
- external: |
$131 billion (2002 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000) |
| Currency: |
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) |
| Currency
code: |
IDR |
| Exchange
rates: |
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year |
| |
